japa :

Use in other system of medicine:

Folkloric

· In the Philippines, flower buds, beaten to a paste, applied as poultice to boils, cancerous swellings, and mumps.

·Poultice of leaves and flower buds applied externally to swellings; the same mixture, with the addition of lime, hastens the maturation of tumors.

· Mumps, infection of the urinary tract: use dried drug materials 15 to 30 gms, boil to decoction and drink.

· For abscesses, carbuncles and boils: crush fresh leaves and poultice the infected area.

· Decoction of roots, barks, leaves and flowers used as an emollient.

· Decoction from roots of red and white-flowered plants is a Kelantan antidote for poison. Same decoction is drunk for venereal diseases and fevers.

· Decoction of roots also used for coughs.

· Decoction of flowers and or roots used as natural diuretic.

· Bark is an emmenagogue; also used to normalize menstruation.

· Malays uses a decoction of leaves as a lotion for fevers, and the roots for glands in the neck.

· Infusion or poultice of leaves used for headaches.

· Flowers and leaves used as antiseptic for boils and ulcers. Leaves used as poultice for abscess and ulcers.

· In China, leaves used as emollient, anodyne, and a gentle aperient.

· Decoction of root used as drops for sore eyes.

· Seeds used as a stimulant and for cramps.

· Decoction of leaves for fevers.

· For headaches, an infusion of leaves or poultice of leaves.

· Leaves are mildly laxative.

· Mucilage applied during labor.

· Juice of leaves, along with that of Vernonia cinerea, used by midwives to stimulate the expulsion of the placenta

· In the Dutch Indies the red flowers are used to regulate menstruation; also, considered somewhat purgative and sometimes said to cause abortion

· In Sind, flowers are fried in clarified butter and used for checking excessive menstruation

· Red flowers used for sprue.

· Infusion of flowers and leaves used as expectorant in bronchitis

· The Chinese and Annamites use the flowers for paralysis and dysmenorrhea.

· Infusion of flowers, exposed all night to the dew, used for gonorrhea.

· Flowers fried in ghee, given for menorrhagia. The dark red petals are used as a mucilaginous infusion for painful urination, strangury, cystitis, and other irritable genitourinary conditions

· Infusion used as a refrigerant drink for fevers and as demulcent for coughs.

· Red flowers are purgative; when taken with papaya seeds, may be abortive.

· Hair stimulant: oil made by mixing the juice of fresh petals and olive oil in equal proportions, and boiled till the water has evaporated, used for stimulating hair growth.

· Seeds, pounded to a pulp and mixed with water, used for gonorrhea.

· In Costa Rica, used as a purgative.

· In Venezuela, used to treat tumors.

· In the Caribbean, used as analgesic, anti-inflammatory.

· In the Dominican Republic, used to treat hematomas.

Others

· Dye / Coloring: In Ceylon, juice of flowers reported to serve as shoe-blackening. Chinese and Hindus use the juice of petals for blackening of their eyebrows. Flowers used as food coloring.

· Fibers: Bark contains strong bast fibers.

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